Vol. 8, Issue 1, Part A (2026)

Stroke is heterogeneous cerebrovascular disorder characterized by a sudden loss of neurological function resulting from disruption of cerebral blood flow, either due to ischemia (approximately 85% of cases) or haemorrhage (about 15%). This comprehensive review focuses on the risk factors that affect the stroke and subtypes for young ischemic stroke patients and their outcomes at the time of discharge. as well as the correlation between these risk factors and stroke subtypes based on the TOAST classification of young strokes. The TOAST classification divides patients with ischemic stroke into five subgroups according to the presumed etiological mechanism. The aims of the present study were to evaluate the distribution of the different etiological stroke subtypes in a hospital-based sample of stroke patients, and to investigate the association between important risk factors and stroke subtypes. Stroke prevention strategies is to identify subjects who are at increased risk for stroke and to modify the risk if possible. Although some risk factors are non-modifiable such as Age, gender, family history and race or ethnicity are considered markers for increased stroke risk. Modifiable risk factors for stroke include hypertension, cardiac disease (particularly atrial fibrillation), diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, smoking and alcohol consumption. Men have greater stroke incidence than women. This review mainly underlines the need for further research to identify risk for stroke also stroke subtypes and emerging therapies are used to reduce the morbidity and mortality of stroke. Recognition of stroke and its subtypes provide the basis for primary, secondary, and tertiary stroke prevention strategies.