Vol. 7, Issue 2, Part D (2025)

The central nervous system (CNS) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) are pivotal in regulating the body’s homeostasis, cognition, and adaptive responses. Recent advances in neuroscience, molecular biology, and neuroimaging have significantly enhanced our understanding of the physiological functions and interconnectivity of these systems. This review explores cutting-edge discoveries in CNS network dynamics, neuroplasticity, neuroimmune interactions, and brain-gut-microbiome communication. Simultaneously, the autonomic system has seen transformative developments in mapping sympathetic-parasympathetic functions, bioelectronic modulation, and its role in immunoregulation and metabolic control. Emerging technologies such as single-cell transcriptomics, optogenetics, and non-invasive neuromodulation are reshaping clinical and research paradigms. This paper highlights the translational impact of these findings on neurodegenerative diseases, psychiatric disorders, cardiovascular dysfunctions, and inflammatory conditions. The review provides a comprehensive update for clinicians, neuroscientists, and biomedical researchers aiming to integrate physiological understanding with therapeutic innovation.